When in Rome…

Or for that matter, wherever you travel in Italy or anywhere elsewhere in the world, you’ll find that locals have different customs and traditions than your own. Experiencing different cultures is one of the allures of travel.

But because Italy is so food-centric, rules about what and how to eat have been ingrained for generations. Of course, food rules vary among regions (The country was only unified to become Italy as we know it today in 1861). For example, even the types of pasta and breads consumed in different parts of the country vary from place to place.

Italian food rules are always somewhat of a generalization because they aren’t written in law and aren’t observed by everyone. But if you want to eat like a local, here are some rules to follow:

15 Italian Food Rules to Follow

Food Rule #1 – Don’t eat fish with cheese

While grated cheese works well atop most pasta dishes, don’t even think of asking for grated cheese on top of your seafood pasta. Cheese doesn’t go with fish.

The reasoning? Fish is delicate and cheese is strong, which obscures the flavor of the fish, cookbook author Julia della Croce, an expert on Italian cuisine told AtlasObscura.com. 

In general, “don’t ask for extra cheese unless the server mentions it,” advises The Daily Meal. Unless asked, leave it to the chef and server to decide which dishes call for cheese and how much.

Food Rule #2 – Cappuccino is only a breakfast drink 

Most Italians won’t drink cappuccino, considered a breakfast drink, after 10 AM. If someone is jetlagged or woke up late—perhaps, they’ll stretch the window until noon.

But ordering a cappuccino after that, and particularly after dinner, is simply cringe-worthy. Italians believe the rich foamy milk of the drink interferes with digestion. Of course, it’s never consumed with lunch or dinner either.

Food Rule #3 – Pasta is usually a first course, not a main dish or a side dish

Italians categorize dishes into two courses, a primo (first course) and secondo (second course). Different types of pasta with sauces are often served as a first course. (Second courses are typically meat, fish or poultry.)

At lunchtime, pasta is often eaten as a main dish. Lunch portions of pasta tend to be heartier than those served as first courses at dinner.

Food Rule #4 – Pasta isn’t eaten with bread

Even if a tempting bread basket is sitting in front of you, Italians don’t eat bread with pasta. 

“Pasta is a starch, so do not eat bread (a starch) with pasta (another starch.),” says food writer Elizabeth Minchilli.

Why is it there? You can eat that bread with a non-pasta first course or with a second course.

Yes, while it might seem gauche in France, many Italians also use bread to clean the sauce off their plate when they’ve finished the dish. This Italian food custom is called “fare la scarpetta.” Some chefs view it as a sign that you really loved your dish but you may want to skip cleaning your plate at a fancy meal or fine dining restaurant.

Food Rule #5 – Spaghetti isn’t eaten with meatballs (A corollary of the above)

While a dish of spaghetti and meatballs is an Italian-American favorite, most Italians living in the homeland eat their pasta as a primo and enjoy their meatballs (polpette) as a secondo.

Writing in Smithsonian.com, Shaylyn Esposito suggests that one reason spaghetti got coupled with meatballs was that Americans were used to have a starch with their meal. Another Italian food fact: Italians don’t eat pasta and meat off the same plate.

Food Rule #6 – Don’t use a knife to cut spaghetti, or break spaghetti in half before boiling it

As you might presume by now, Italians are serious about the ways in which pasta should be prepared and consumed. While it isn’t illegal to cut spaghetti with a knife (as often asked) or to break it in half for cooking, it simply isn’t acceptable to do either one. In fact, spaghetti is easier to eat when you twirl the long strands around your fork.

If you need help doing that, your plate is the preferred “assist” as opposed to a soup spoon. In fact, a survey by YouGov listed using a knife on pasta as one of the top “crimes” committed against Italian cuisine.

Food Rule #7 – Eggs aren’t eaten for breakfast

Just because eggs are often served on breakfast buffets at Italian hotels, don’t be misled. Italians don’t eat eggs for breakfast. They’re considered too filling so early in the morning.

An Italian breakfast is generally simple and quick, usually a hot coffee-based drink with a sweet pastry, croissant or roll, or slice of bread with jam. Italians are more likely to eat eggs for lunch, sometimes in the form of a frittata. Those hotel buffets menus are geared to please international travelers rather than Italians.

Food Rule #8 – Dinners aren’t eaten before 7 PM

Italians tend to eat later than Americans, usually about 8 PM or after. In fact, if you are visiting Italy, you aren’t likely to find a restaurant open for dinner before 7 PM.

Food Rule #9 – Don’t ask for salad dressing 

While Americans are used to a variety of salad dressings, Italians don’t use bottled dressings. In Italy, there’s no such thing as Italian dressing or Caesar dressing. (The origins of the latter are said to be in Tijuana, where an Italian-American restaurateur created Caesar salad.)

Italians typically dress salads with olive oil alone, or with oil and vinegar (often balsamic). Of course, the best olive oil is always local. 

And salad is always served after the first course.

Food Rule #10 – Don’t order soda pop with meals 

While Coca Cola and other soft drinks are available in Italy, Italians never order these sugary drinks with their meals. They always drink wine or water. The reasoning: Soda detracts from the flavor of foods.

Also, Italians never drink coffee with a meal, only afterward. An exception, however, it’s okay to slug soda or beer with pizza.

Food Rule #11 – Don’t ask for tap water at the dinner table

Although it’s usually safe to drink the water in most places in Italy, Italians waiters always ask guests the same question when they sit down at a table—Con gas (frizzante) or senza gas (naturale)?

Mineral water not only tastes better (thus, enhancing the taste of an already delicious meal) but also has some purported health benefits. And, if one person at the table prefers bubbles and the other doesn’t, it’s proper etiquette to order a bottle (or half-bottle) of each.

Food Rule #12 – Don’t order an Italian-American dish at a restaurant

There is nothing objectionable about eating Italian-American dishes when you’re dining in the U.S.

Italian-American foods are a fusion cuisine that occurred when immigrants from Italy adapted their recipes to American ingredients, cooking methods and tastes.

But when in Italy, don’t make the mistake of asking for dishes that aren’t made there. Some examples: Lobster Fra Diavolo, Eggplant Rollatini, Chicken Parmigiana, Manicotti, or Pasta Primavera. 

Food Rule #13 – Don’t even think about a ‘main course”

“In an Italian meal, there is no main course,” writes Marcella Hazan in her seminal cookbook, Essentials of Italian Cooking.

Instead Italians enjoy a succession of small courses, and multiple courses are never served side-by-side (e.g., pasta with meat).

She notes that there are some very rare exceptions to the rule like Ossobuco e Risotto, a Milanese specialty served as one dish.

Food Rule #14 – Avoid sharing a plate

An individual pizza in Locorotondo, PuglaWhile it is common for people to share dishes at many American restaurants, this custom isn’t followed in Italy. One reason why it is far less common is that portions in Italy tend to be more “right-sized.”

One standout example: Pizzas, especially, in full-service restaurants in Italy, are smaller and intended for only one person. They aren’t even cut into slices, and are eaten with a knife and fork.

However, like all other food rules in Italy, this one has exceptions, too. Writing on Quora, Michael Righi, “The Italian Guy,” notes that platters of cold cuts and cheeses (taglieri), which are very popular in the Emilia Romagna region, are intended to be shared—over wine and conversation, of course. 

Similarly, some trattorias serve baked pasta casseroles family-style, also meant for sharing at the table. It’s also okay to share desserts in Italy.

If you want to taste more than one type of pasta on the menu or only want to eat a small amount, some restaurants offer a half-portion (mezzo porzione).

Food Rule #15 – To say or not to say: Bon appetito!

Although some say that this tradition that began in medieval times has become obsolete, visitors to Italy will find that it is still common to begin a meal by wishing everyone at the table, Buon appetito before eating. 

At a restaurant, it might be your server who says Buon appetito after everyone has their starter.

This Italian phrase is the the equivalent of the French Bon appétit and simply means “Enjoy your meal!” A gracious way to respond is by saying Grazie (thank you).

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AND NEVER FORGET… 

When it comes to Italian food rules, as you can probably gather from those listed above, there are always some exceptions!

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Also on MoreTimeToTravel:

• How To Order Food in Italy: The Rules 

• Pasta Etiquette in Italy

• The Legal Drinking Age in Italy

• Abruzzo Food: Authentic Tastes of A Less-Touristed Region

• Italian American Foods: An Evolving Fusion Cuisine

See my article on Forbes.com:

• Eating Like An Italian: New Study Suggests the Rules Are In Flux

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